Th1rteen R3easons Why Essays - 658 Words

Th1rteeen R3asons Why was Jay Asher’s very first novel. For being his very first novel it was excellent, makes the reader think about how the smallest thing can really affect someone’s life. In this novel, Clay Jenson comes home from a normal day of school and finds a shoe box, which was mailed to him. When he opens the box he finds seven cassette tapes, this causes him to wonder where they are from. He quickly goes off to find a friends walkman to borrow and puts in the first tape. He hears a voice he hasn’t heard in quite a long time, two weeks to be exact. He hears the voice of Hannah Baker, she went to his high school, but two weeks prior to him receiving the tapes, she committed suicide. On the tapes are the thirteen reasons that†¦show more content†¦While he gets really into what happens to everyone else in the tapes. Clay is very confused as to why he gets the boxes of tapes, but as he listens he gets more and more curious, until he finally hears his name, and his heart drops. Throughout this novel there are many things that contributed to Hannah’s suicide, most of which revolving around her high school classmates mistreating her. Everybody knows high school students can be mean at times, almost everyone has their own group, or clique, that can comfort them when times become not going well. While it may seem that not many older teens and young adults commit suicide, it is actually the third most common cause of death for people between the ages of 15 and 24. This book really makes the reader consider what could have happened if Hannah was treated better. It is unknown as to whether Hannah’s life could have been saved if her class mates saw her acting differently and decided to take action. This book was very well written, which causes it to be hard to put down and just flows. The characters were developed very well, after the first ten or so pages of the book, it is quite clear what kind of people Clay and Hannah are, as well as the oth er characters they meet. The overall theme is not the happiest, but it really causes the reader to think about who Hannah is, and how this could happen to almost any high school student, anywhere. All schools have their cliques and groups, but any one of

The Relationships Between Parents and Children in Greek...

Contrary to the present archetypes involving the relationships between parents and children, Greek and Roman myths show us that at one point in time, incest was considered socially acceptable. Many Greek and Roman myths contain twisted relationships between parents and children. These twisted relationships can be broken into three different categories: mothers and sons that have exceptionally strong bonds, parents that are threatened by their children, and the betrayal of parents or children. Greek and Roman Mythology often employs many themes that, in modern life, we consider to be taboo; one of the most widely used ideas is the distortion and dysfunction of parent and child relationships. One idea displayed through these twisted†¦show more content†¦It stems from something deeper. Sigmund Freud named a theory of his after this myth. His theory of the Oedipus Complex states that every male unconsciously wants to kill his father and have sex with his mother. An unusually str ong relationship between mother and son is one of the themes that Greek myths include often. Another theme used often in Greek and Roman mythology is that Parents are threatened by their children. This is shown in The Creation of the Titans and the Gods when it is said that Uranus feared the terrible strength of these six children, and he hated them because they terrified him. So as each was born, Uranus took him from his mother, bound him, and hurled him deep into Gaeas being, the earth (Rosenberg 84). Uranus obviously feels threatened by the children. The real life equivalent of this act would probably be child abuse. Child abuse is definitely looked down upon in our society. This theme is also shown when Gaea forms the Furies from Uranus blood (Rosenberg 85). The Furies drive any child that kills his parents to insanity. This shows that although Gaea instigates Uranus downfall, she also feels threatened by her children. She is scared that because they were able to take down Uranu s, that she might be next. Cronus also feels threatened by his children. Cronus took the baby lovingly from his wife, opened his gigantic mouth, and swallowed the infant in one gulp (Rosenberg 85). Cronus feels so threatened by his children that he actuallyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Family Relationships in Greek Mythology 1632 Words   |  7 PagesGreek Mythology originated around 775 B.C.E. It all started with Homer’s Iliad and continued on with Hesiod’s Theogany. These were the first two myths to be recorded in Greek Mythology. Both of these myths reveal to us about their understanding of the universe, and about their culture. Not only do they talk about their various gods, and heroes, but they also talk about how they viewed the universe in general (Rosenberg 79). Greek Mythology evolved from two early civilizations, the Mycenaean’s andRead MoreParent Child Relationship in Greek Mythology Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesIt is inferred that the parents should t ake care of their children and have their best interest at heart. This however, is not the case in Greek and Roman mythology. The killing of ones own children, or filicide, was not viewed as negative upon in their era. The contemporary times contrast with the ancient Greek and Roman’s because it was justified to use any means necessary to obtain a higher status. The Greeks and Romans valued keeping a high social reputation and having respect for those of greatRead MoreThe Symbolism Behind Parents and Children in Mythology Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe bond between parents and children is something that was created soon after the first man was created. 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Travel via the sea was essential in theRead MoreMythology Film Review (Percy Jackson)1014 Words   |  5 Pagesan accurate representation of the Greek myths. There are a few key differences though, which are mostly used to present the Greek Gods in a better, more likable tone for the movie. The first differences between the film and classic mythology surround the premise. The film explains that the Gods would occasionally fall in love with mortals and have children. The children were sometimes bestowed special powers, similar to those of their parents. In classical myths, it was a common occurrence forRead MoreOverview of Greek Mythology2666 Words   |  11 Pages Greek mythology is a body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks concerning Titans, gods, and heroes. According to Alan Dundes, a myth is a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind assumed their present form (Dundes 1). 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Modern scholars refer to, and study, the myths, in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-makingRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 PagesGreek  Mythology   I   INTRODUCTION   Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma   The  Greeks  built  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma,  Turkey  (about  300  bc).  The  temple  supposedly  housed  an  oracle   who  foretold  the  future  to  those  seeking  knowledge.  The  predictions  of  the  oracles,  delivered  in  the  form  of  riddles,   often  brought  unexpected  results  to  the  seeker.  With  Ionic  columns  reaching  19.5  m  (64  ft)  high,  these  ruins   suggest  the  former  grandeur  of  the  ancient  temple.   Bernard  Cox/Bridgeman  Art  Library,  London/New  York

Sez- Challenges Before Indian Economy Free Essays

Mundhe. Dept. of Business Economics, Siddharth College of Comm. We will write a custom essay sample on Sez- Challenges Before Indian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eco. Mumbai. SEZ – Challenges Before Indian Economy Introduction : Over the years it has been seen that the growth rate of the Indian economy, employment generation, improvement in the standard of living of the people has not been as expected. It was realized that foreign (and even domestic) investments in India were much lesser as compared to the much smaller South East Asian countries mainly due to multiplicity of controls and clearances, absence of world class financial infrastructure, etc. With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced in attracting investments, increasing exports and accelerating economic growth the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) policy was introduced by the then NDA government in April 2000. This policy intended to make SEZs a tool for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum possible regulations Further, to instill confidence in investors and signal the Government’s commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime and with a view to impart stability to the SEZ regime thereby generating greater economic activity and employment through the establishment of SEZs, a comprehensive draft of SEZ Bill was prepared after extensive discussions with the stakeholders. The over enthusiasm to push the SEZ policy as an instrument of rapid industrialization has met with a series of roadblocks especially after the Nandigram incident. The SEZ policy is a part of the policy of â€Å"Growth at any Cost†, with the cost falling on the marginalized section of the rural population. Thus, those who gain and those who lose will be different sections of the population. This simply means that the SEZs are not Pareto-optimal over a situation where SEZs are absent. Therefore, this policy can lead to various socio-economic and political challenges. Meaning of SEZs? The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are well developed enclaves of industrial infrastructure with plots, built up space, power, water supply, transport, housing etc. Besides industrial facilities, the SEZs provides social infrastructure including schools, hospitals, roads, hotels and the like. The SEZs are specifically delineated areas wherein units may be set up for specified purpose of manufacturing or trading or rendering services or providing warehousing facility for exports. In terms of the Section 2(i) of the said SEZ Act 2005, the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is defined to mean the whole of India (including its territorial waters and continental shelf) but not including the areas of SEZs. Furthermore, section 53 of the said SEZ Act provides that the SEZ shall be deemed to be a territory outside the Customs territory of India. The legal implication is that the SEZs are treated as the foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations, duties and tariffs. In other words, goods and services going into the SEZ (from the DTA) are treated as exports and goods and services coming from SEZ into the DTA are treated as imports. Therefore, domestic laws do not generally apply to the SEZs and the units therein. In short, SEZs will be considered sovereign territories of MNCs setting up shops there and ordinary Indians will require passports to enter these enclaves. Historical Background SEZ Act: The SEZ Act was enacted only recently, in 2005, but the origin of the SEZ scheme can be traced to as far back as 1965 when the Kandla Free Trade Zone (FTZ) was started. Thus there were Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in the country well before the new legislation was enacted, but these were few in number (only eight, operated by Central Government) and did not have a major impact on exports or investment. This led to a comprehensive review of the policy framework for existing EPZs/FTZs In 1999, which included a study of many SEZs world-over. The finding of the study was that there was scope for significant improvement in export performance through policy changes relating to DTA access, export obligation, etc. The concept of SEZ was given to India by late Shri. Murasoli Maran, former Union Commerce Minister. During his China visit he had a occasion to visit some of the SEZs in coastal regions of China. He observed the contribution that these SEZs have made to the Chinese exports and was deeply impressed by the progress achieved by SEZs and their overall impact on the economy. Back at home, he introduced the concept of SEZs in the EXIM policy-2000. He was very much interested in creating some SEZs in India and develop them on the lines of SEZs in China. He wanted to use the concept of SEZs to achieve a speedy economic growth in India. As a result, the Special Economic Zones Act was passed by Parliament in May, 2005 which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th February,2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedure and for single window clearance on matters relating to Central as well as State governments. Objectives of SEZs: The SEZs are primarily viewed as elements of the Government’s export promotion strategy but that is not entirely correct. They are expected to benefit the economy in multiple ways, as spelt out in Section 5 of the said SEZ Act. Herein it is provided that the following factors should be considered by the Board of Approvals in Approving proposals to establish SEZs: (1) Generation of additional activity (2) Promotion of exports of goods and services; (3) Promotion of investments from domestic and foreign sources; (4) Creation of employment opportunities; (5) Development of infrastructure facilities; It is expected that this will trigger a large flow of foreign and domestic investment in SEZs in infrastructure and productive capacity, leading to generation of additional economic activity and creation of employment opportunities. Here it is important to mention that in case of India, the key element for the success of SEZs are political will and commitment, removal of bureaucratic hassles, labor reforms, better fiscal incentives and continual review and monitoring of the functioning of SEZs and adoption and application of correctives. Criteria for Approvals: 1) SEZ size not to be less than 1000 hectares, recently it is scaled down to 5000 hectares further to 1000 hectares (2) Sector specific SEZ can be set up in lesser area 3) Local Laws, Rules / Regulations applicable to SEZ Units there in (4) Units to be approved under the SEZ scheme, by the Unit Approval Committee headed By the Development Commissioner. (5) The minimum processing area limit has been fixed at a Uniform level, at 50% of the total land acquired, for multi product and sector-specific SEZs Scheme to Develop / Operate / Maintain SEZ: The SEZs can be developed and managed either jointly or separately by the Central Government, State Government, or Any Person (including a Private or Public Limited Company, Partnership or Proprietorship), for manufacture of goods; or for rendering services; or for both; or as a free trade and warehousing Zone. Incentives for Developers of SEZs : Developers and SEZ units shall be entitled to the following exemptions and concessions: 1) Exemption from customs duty on goods imported into the SEZ by the Developers or SEZ Unit to carry on the authorized operations; 2) Exemption from customs duty on goods exported from the SEZ by the Developer or SEZ Unit to any place outside India; ) Exemption from excise duty on goods brought from Domestic Tariff Area (â€Å"DTA†) to the SEZ by the Developers or SEZ unit to carry on the authorized operations, 4) 100% Income Tax exemption on export income for SEZ units in the first 5 years and 50% for the next 5 years. 5) Exemption from service tax on taxable service provided to a Developer or unit to carry on the authorized operations in a SEZ 6) 100% of the profits of the developer arising fr om the business of developing an SEZ, shall be deducted from taxable income ) The developers of SEZ are not required to pay Minimum Alternate Tax. Challenges before Developing Economies, A Case Study of China: The SEZs policy is a part of the policy of â€Å"Growth at any Cost†, with the cost falling on the marginalized section of the rural population. Thus, those who gain and those who lose will be different sections of the population. This simply means that the SEZs are not Pareto-optimal over a situation where SEZs are absent. Therefore, this policy can lead to various socio-economic and political challenges. China is a shining example of a country which has developed through its SEZs. But this image of success of Chinese SEZs is both incomplete and incorrect. They have by no means been an unqualified success, and they have brought about severe economic and social problems. We have taken the case of SEZs in China and analyzed the effects on arable land, water, environment, health, income equality, poverty, etc. Some of the most striking effects of SEZs in China are as following: 1) during the period of 1996-2005, SEZs in China, have caused diversion of more than 21% of arable land to non-agricultural usage. Per capita land holding now stands at a meager 0. 094 hectares. This is when China has to feed 22% of the world’s population on only 7% of land, and every year, an additional 10 million people have to be fed. As more arable land is taken over for urbanization and industrialisation, issues related to changes in land use have become a major source of dispute between the public and the government. 2) In just thirteen years, between 1992 and 2005,about 20 million farmers were laid off agriculture due to land acquisition for SEZs. Protests against land acquisition and deprivation have become a common feature of rural life in China. Social instability in China has become an issue of concern. In 2004, the government has admitted to 74,000 riots in the countryside. 3) Whereas a few years ago, excessive and arbitrary taxation was the peasants’ foremost complaint, resentment over the loss of farmland, corruption, worsening pollution and arbitrary eviction by property developers are the main reasons for farmers’ unrest now. 4) China set up its first SEZ, Shenzhen in 1979. After growing at a rate of around 28% for the last 25 years, Shenzhen is now paying a huge cost in terms of environmental destruction, soaring crime rate and exploitation of its working class, mainly migrants 5) In 2006, the United Nations Environment Programme designated Shenzhen as a â€Å"Global Environment Hotspot†, meaning a region that had suffered rapid environmental destruction. 6) According to Howard French, the New York Times Bureau chief, most of the year, the Shenzhen sky is thick with choking smoke, while the crime rate is almost nine- fold higher than Shanghai. The working class earns US$ 80 every month in the sweatshops and the turnover rate is 10% – many turn to prostitution after being laid off. Further, real-estate dealers have stockpiled houses which have caused prices to spiral and have created a new generation of people, French calls them as, â€Å"Mortgage Slaves† in an article in the International Herald Tribune on 17th December,2006. 7) The mindless pursuit of growth following the model of high input, high consumption and low output has seriously impacted the environment. In 2004, China consumed 4. 3 times as much coal and electricity as the United States and 11. 5 times as much as Japan to generate each US$1 worth of GNP, according to the The Taipei Times, some 20% of the population lives in severely polluted areas and 70% of the rivers and lakes are in a grim shape. 8) Around 60% of companies that have set up units in the country violate emission rules. According to the World Bank, environmental problems are the cause of some 3,00,000 people dying each year. The Chinese government has admitted that pollution costs the country a staggering $200 billion a year – about 10 % of its GDP. 9) While export-driven policy for economic growth has helped China touch record growth figures, the income gap is widening and rapidly approaching the levels of some Latin American countries. Going by a recent report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Gini coefficient – a measure of income distribution where zero means perfect equality and one is maximum inequality – touched 0. 96 in the year 2006. In comparison, income inequality figures are 0. 33 in India, 0. 41 in the US and 0. 54 in Brazil. Further, the rural-urban income divide is staggering – annual income of city dwellers in China is around US$1,000 which is more than three times that of their rural counterparts. 10) In certain areas such as asset distribution or years of schooling China’s levels of inequality are lower (i. e. , more favourable ) than In dia. However, when one looks at it at the aggregate level, the picture is different. The levels of inequality in China have been rising through the last three decades, whether between rural and urban, within them, or on an aggregate basis. According to Zhu Ling, between 1978 and 1995, the Gini coefficient of rural income increased from 0. 21 to 0. 34 and that of the urban from 0. 16 to 0. 28. 11) With the Chinese economy opening up rapidly post – 1995 and also due to the massive concessions that China was forced to make in order to join the WTO, the trend continues and the aggregate Gini coefficient in 2006 was around 0. . Lessons India should learn from China: There are far reaching negative impacts of SEZ policy in India. It is normally advocated that India should learn from China. It is big failure there in China on the grounds of food shortages that may arise in future due to land acquisition, environmental problems etc. , therefore India should consider the following while implementing the policy of Special Economic Zones – 1) Following China, Indi a is replicating a similar model where vast tracts of a agricultural land are being acquired for creating SEZs and other industries. Therefore it will have the similar impact on the environment as in the case of China, as the dirty industries may enter in these zones. Further with drastic changes in labour laws favouring industry being considered, the plight of workers in these SEZs will be similar to those in China. Hence, such a model of development is environmentally unsustainable and socially undesirable. 2) It is now widely acknowledged that Chinese exports have also been boosted by its undervalued currency something which is turmed as an â€Å" effective subsidy†. This is a luxury that Indian exporters do not enjoy. Therefore, the argument for setting up SEZs to emulate China’s export-led growth is questionable. 3) Is export-driven growth through SEZs desirable for India? There is no doubt export play a significant role in boosting GDP. However in the case of a country with a sizable domestic market, the choice lies with the producer to either export or supply to the domestic market. 4) According to Ila Patnaik of the National Institute for Public Finance and Policy, household consumption in India at 68% of the GDP is much higher than that of China at 38%, Europe at 58% and Japan at 55%. Given the high level of consumption of Indian households, it is quite possible that this rush to set up SEZs in India is fuelled not by the desire to export out of the country but by the possibility of exporting from SEZs into the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA). The SEZs act is also designed to facilitate this. Any unit within the SEZ can export to the DTA, after paying the prevailing duty, as long as it is a net foreign exchange earner for three years. It is therefore a win-win situation for these units. ) The soaps in a SEZ will reduce the cost of capital while labour reforms will ensure trouble-free operations. Further, given the considerable international pressure to reduce industrial tariffs, SEZs will be able to export to the DTA at highly competitive prices. This does not augur well for units outside the SEZs who will now face unfair competition. As cheaper imports have already played havoc with the livelihoods of artisan sector of the economy, cheaper imports into DTA from SEZs w ill also adversely affect the domestic. No wonder many of them now want to migrate into SEZs. 6) In a country with 65% of the population depending on agriculture as a means of livelihood, industry ought to be complementary to agriculture. Though SEZs however, industry is being promoted at the cost of agriculture. This is the reason why Indian farmers all over the country are not willing to depart from their farm lands. It is witnessed on 21st Sept,2008, where 85% of the farmers from Raighad District have voted against the SEZs. ) Valuable resources spent to create SEZs will be at the cost of building better infrastructure for the rest of the country, something that will affect both the domestic industry as well as agriculture. Challenges before Indian Economy: Given that India’s socio-cultural and economic scenario is altogether different from that of China’s, it is debatable whether SEZs prove to be a success here. In the words of, Sunil Rallan, MD of Matadee Eco Parks,† The Indian government’s SEZ policy is superior to China’s in terms of legislation but has failed in the implementation process. Thus while SEZs may be loudable idea it is doubtful whether it is the right policy for the basic problems of heterogenous country like India. Replicating the Chinese model, India may end up not only with insufficient SEZs but also with reintroduction of the era of famines, water crisis, riots, pollution, etc. , and many more socio economic and political problems. We have taken the case of existing SEZ units (and the units which are slated to be set up in days to come) and analyzed their socio-economic effects on the Indian economy. 1) Threat to Food Security: According to the website of the Commerce Ministry, totally about 41,700 hectares of land is to be taken for the formally approved and notified SEZs. Land acquired on such massive scale has posed a threat to the food security of the country. Already, India’s food security is in a precarious state and the country has to import food grains including wheat, pulses and oilseeds. In this scenario if our arable land is diverted to establishment of SEZs, it will create a major food security problem in the country. Studies in West Bengal have shown that loss of food grains production due to SEZs would be of the order of 1. 5 million tones. This can create a serious shortage of food grains in the coming years. 2) Threat to Water Security: The SEZs are going to be set up by acquiring huge tracts of land. When the land is acquired on such massive scale, the water requirement for such SEZs would be huge and would have very large impact on water access for the surrounding area. The SEZs at such locations will also have impact on irrigation and agricultural development. Available information about the water needs and sources of water for various SEZs should ring alarm bell. For example, the massive water demand, at least 8 million liters per day, for The Mahamumbai SEZ is to be met by the Hetwane and Morba dams in Pen and Khalapur tehsils in Raigarh districts. In a situation where, farmers had to struggle to get irrigation water due to them from these dams, the huge water requirement for Mahamumbai SEZ would definitely lead to the water crisis. Forum of Manglore has quoted that the Manglore SEZ’s water requirement is at a hoping 136 million liters a day. When Manglore city is facing the water crisis without the SEZ, one can imagine what will be the case when SEZ comes up. 3) Displacement and loss of livelihoods in SEZs: Estimate show that close to 114,000 farming households (each house hold on an average comprising five members) and an additional 82,000 farm worker families are dependent upon these farms for their livelihoods will be displaced. In other Words, at least one million people who primarily depend upon agriculture for their survival will face eviction. Experts calculate that the total loss of income to the Farming and farm workers family will be at least Rs. 212 crore a year. This does not include other income (for instance artisans) due to the demise of local rural economies. The government promise humane displacement followed by relief and rehabilitation. However historical records does not offer any room for hope on this count an estimated 40 million people(of which nearly 40% area Adivasis and 25% Dalits) have lost their land since 1950 on account of displacement due to large development projects. At least 75% of them still await rehabilitation. Almost 80% of the agricultural population owns only about 17% of the total agricultural land, making them near landless farmers. Farmer’s families and communities depend on a piece of land (for work, grazing) than those who simply own it. 4) SEZ are actually land grab by the real estate mafia and the corporate sector: What are SEZ likely to become in few years time? According to a clause in the SEZ Act (section 5(2) as much as 75% of the area under large SEZs above 1000 hectares) can be used for non-industrial purpose. What will the remainder of the land used for? This lacuna in the law is likely to become a loophole for massive accumulation of Land by private players including the real estate mafia, developers and property dealers for the purpose of real estate speculation. This explains why so many of them have been buying land for SEZs. In fact it may well be the case that the rationale for the above clause in the SEZ Act is the uncertainty surrounding the Economic attractiveness of SEZs. If adequate productive investment is not forthcoming, the SEZ developer can at least cash in on the land value. Conglomerates like Reliance already own upwards of 100,00acre of land in the countrywide. 5) Loss of natural habitat, flora and fauna Massive land acquisition for the establishment of SEZs has led to the destruction Of natural habitat, flora and fauna due to deforestation. For example due to the Mundra SEZ in Kutch in Gujrat about 3000 hectares of area covered by Mangroves is being destroyed. . 6) More suicides, More crimes†¦ It is again no. coincidence that all most all the SEZs are being built only on the fringes of cities – like satellites all over again. A rough study based upon the â€Å"in principle† approved SEZs in Maharashtra shows that around 67% of the land for SEZs is within 100 km. of Mumbai. If the cities pf Pune and Nagpur are also considered, then a figure of 85% of land for SEZs is arrived at, and if Nashik and Aurangabad are also thrown then about 98% of the land for SEZs in within 100 km of these five cities. Thus there will be no real development. the rural areas will be further devastated. Farmers will commit more suicides larger slums with even more squalor will be created. There will be more crime, more communual riots, more atrocities against Dalits and more attacks and exploitation of women as always happens in the condition of squalor. 7) Ruthless Depeasantisation : However the SEZs are not the only instruments for grabbing the lands of the peasantry, millions of acres of land are taken by national and international big business for construction of Greenfield projects, private airports, tourist resorts, health tourism, smart cities, entertainment parks, building of private township for the super rich including vast areas for golf courses and luxury hotels. To provide infrastructure for super profits of local and multinational big business the state is acquiring millions of acres of fertile land to build industrial zones, golden corridors express ways including the much flaunted golden quadrangle express highways systems. This is the glaring phenomenon of contemporary global enclosures of forcible depeasantisation ruthlessly divesting the producers from their means of production, cultural moorings and commons. Adding salt to the injury the neo-liberal state is resorting to the most predatory inhuman primitive accumulation of forcing the farmers and adivasi’s out of their land when the entire peasantry is reeling under acute agrarian crisis where more than 2 lakh farmers have committed suicide in the past decade under the neo-liberal economic regime. Conclusion: There is much more to learn as well as unlearn from the Chinese experience. Until this is done, millions of poor across the country will be made to pay an even higher price than the Chinese did for following this flowed approach. India should thus work towards reforming its domestic economic rather than supplementing it with an SEZ model. It should not blindly follow China in this regard. How to cite Sez- Challenges Before Indian Economy, Papers

Research Project Carbon Dioxide Emission and Recycling

Question: Discuss about theResearch Projectfor Carbon Dioxide Emission and Recycling. Answer: Results The results of the research illustrates that the average score of the companies related to the mentioning of various terminologies of environmental degradation such as climate change, sustainability, carbon dioxide emission, recycling, transport, energy, pollution control and community in their mission and vision statement. The graph illustrates that most of the companies mention environment in their mission statement. The score is 1.87. Sustainability is the second most important term that is present among the mission statement of the top 100 companies of New Zealand. The score is 1.02. Energy is the third important terminology that is present in the vision statement of the companies of New Zealand. The score of the term energy is 0.68. The term climate change is also used by companies in their vision and mission statement. The average score is 0.52. The trend of the graph is showing downward slope. It means that the companies are more focused in mentioning the terms sustainability, climate change, energy, transport more frequently than the other terms like recycling, carbon dioxide emission, community, pollution control, etc. The results are not up to the mark i.e. meeting the expectations of maintaining sustainability measures to the environment. Discussion of Results The secondary research about the research topic shows that few terms of environmental change are mostly used by companies in their vision and mission statement. However, it can be said that the companies are forecasting themselves as formulating various strategies that can reduce their environmental impact. Pollution is the main issue in the earth that is increasing day by day resulting in many problems of the world. The severe aspects include climatic change, land pollution, water pollution, global warming, greenhouse effect, etc. It is seen that the industries are responsible for creating most of the pollution and degradation (Ackerman Stanton, 2012). With the use of modern technologies, companies are manufacturing at a fast pace. On the other hand, it degrades the environment most. Researches have shown that after Australia, United States of America, New Zealand comes in third position in emitting greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (Trathan et al., 2015). Greenhouse effect is the caused by emissions of carbon and methane into the atmosphere. It is the cause of global warming. It is seen that the temperature of the earth is increasing day by day that is causing immense harmful effects not only to humans but also to the wildlife. Water pollution, air pollution, land pollution and global climatic change are the main aspects of pollution that are caused by the discharges that are caused by the industries in the environment. Wastes are responsible for causing these issues in the environment (Valipour et al., 2012). However, the companies of New Zealand are focusing on the environmental issues gradually. But this is not enough. The graph is illustrating very slow growth to the usage of terms in their mission statement. It is the responsibility of the company to accomplish the activities and the organizational goals that are mentioned in the mission and vision statement of it. Using the terms of environmental degradation is not enough. It will not reduce the rate of pollution caused by them (McDowell et al., 2016). The research shows that the top 100 companies of New Zealand are paying attention to the environmental hazards they are causing. However, it is not enough. Formulating strategies for reducing pollution and environmental hazards and implementing them in the actual field is very different. Recommendations are provided to the top 100 companies of New Zealand so that they can actually reduce the level of degradation they are creating to the environment. Apart from taking measures by the co mpanies, government of New Zealand must pass laws that would order the companies to implement strategies of pollution reduction and waste management system (Zhu et al., 2012). A control should be there regarding the emission of waste of a particular company to the environment. Implementation of law will strictly adhered the organizations for paying attention in checking the level of pollution along with the accomplishment of the organizational goals. Apart from that, the companies of New Zealand can invest in technologies that can cause less pollution to the environment (Markowitz Shariff, 2012). Conclusion Sustainability is the current issue that is following by every organization not only in New Zealand but also across the world. Environmental issues are growing concern that is focused by the companies of New Zealand. In the study, top 100 companies of New Zealand are chosen that are coping up the environmental issues by formulating many scientific approaches. It can be concluded that the companies are not paying sufficient heed to the pollution and environmental degradation they are causing to the earth. The environmental hazards can be classified as pollution of land, water, air. It causes climate change throughout the world. It can be said that the top 100 companies of New Zealand mentioned the precautions and the concerns about the degradation of the environment. They are putting emphasis on the sustainability issue and formulate strategies that will reduce the impact of the environmental degradation. The sustainability reports of the company not only focus on the sustainability a spects but also on other issues of corporate social responsibility. Research related the harmful effects of pollution caused by industries and has recommended many ways to reach the goal of maintaining sustainability along with the organizational goals. Recommendations The most important recommendation is the use of renewable source of energy in the manufacturing areas as well as other areas of operations of the particular company. Renewable sources of energy include wind energy, solar energy, water power, etc. As these companies use huge power and amount of energy, the renewable sources of energy must be produced in huge amount. Usage of plastic products should be reduced (Bellard et al., 2012). The whole packaging system can be changed with any other sources that cannot pollute the environment. The companies of New Zealand must invest in technologies in different levels that help in waste management. The companies must incorporate waste management techniques so that less pollution and degradation is caused to land, water and air. Implementing these recommendations, the top companies will surely accomplish the measures of sustainability (Hoque Clarke, 2013). If the research is done in a different way, then the results would be different. If diffe rent consideration factors are taken then it will represent other factors in a different pattern. Primary research will reveal different information regarding the sustainability concerns of the companies. The degree of the results will vary from that of the secondary research done in this scenario. The company people will provide the actual scenario of the implementation of different approaches of the companies towards sustainability. The strength of the research is that it will provide an understanding about the present condition of the companies in maintaining sustainability. The limitation of the research is that secondary data many times do not provide information about the most recent practices of the various approaches and measurement of maintaining sustainability. References Ackerman, F., Stanton, E. A. (2012).Climate impacts on agriculture: a challenge to complacency. Tufts University. Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity.Ecology letters,15(4), 365-377. Hoque, A., Clarke, A. (2013). Greening of industries in Bangladesh: pollution prevention practices.Journal of Cleaner Production,51, 47-56. Markowitz, E. M., Shariff, A. F. (2012). Climate change and moral judgement.Nature Climate Change,2(4), 243-247. McDowell, R. W., Dils, R. M., Collins, A. L., Flahive, K. A., Sharpley, A. N., Quinn, J. (2016). A review of the policies and implementation of practices to decrease water quality impairment by phosphorus in New Zealand, the UK, and the US.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,104(3), 289-305. Trathan, P. N., Garca?Borboroglu, P., Boersma, D., Bost, C. A., Crawford, R. J., Crossin, G. T., ... Ellenberg, U. (2015). Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins.Conservation Biology,29(1), 31-41. Valipour, M., Mousavi, S. M., Valipour, R., Rezaei, E. (2012). Air, water, and soil pollution study in industrial units using environmental flow diagram.J Basic Appl Sci Res,2(12), 12365-12372. Zhu, K., Woodall, C. W., Clark, J. S. (2012). Failure to migrate: lack of tree range expansion in response to climate change.Global Change Biology,18(3), 1042-1052.

Heroes in History

People use the word hero to describe great persons who ever lived. Thus, a hero is a man of eminent bravery or ability, well-liked by many people because of his valiant actions and dignified qualities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Heroes in History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, during the time of crisis, adversity or danger, certain characters flaunt courage and self-sacrifice for the greater good of communities, societies or nations. These characters amid the difficulties and dangers facing them forge ahead in order to save all humanity-heroism.in some cases, there is no reward for these people. However, through their bravery acts, heroes remain vital figures in human history for their personal commitments. Each society or nation has its own heroes. For example, many Africans regard freedom fighters as heroes. This is because freedom fighters displayed moral excellence by resisting co lonial rule and at the end, many African countries got independence. In United States, stories of civil rights movements and the resistance to white supremacy dole out as moral examples hence, heroism. In classical antiquity, heroic figures like Perseus, Heracles and Achilles, involved themselves in imperative roles in the Ancient Greek religion, which left them venerated heroes. The paper will examine how Perseus became a hero in Greek mythology (Hero, 2010, p. 1). Once upon a time in Greece, an oracle told Acrisius the king that his grandson will kill him one day. And so, Acrisius decided to imprison his daughter Dannae in a tower of brass in order to keep away men from reaching her. Nevertheless, this did not work as Zeus came to her rescue and later on married her. It took Acrisius four years to discover the union of Zeus and Dannae. However, as it came out, it was late for Acrisius as the two had sired a babe who most likely will instigate the death of king Acrisius. King Acris ius immediately ordered the death of Dannae and Perseus by throwing them into the sea. Conversely, Zeus definitely resisted any attempt to kill Dannae and Perseus. He therefore directed the king of the island to save the Perseus. Under this direction, Perseus landed safely in one of the many Cyclades and survived. Of course, there was a prerequisite to this. The king of the island wanted the head of Gorgon Medusa as a birthday gift. With the protection of Hermes and Athena, Perseus went ahead and beheaded Gorgon Medusa and took her head to the king of the island.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, in an act that showed his heroic nature, Perseus fought and set free Andromeda withheld by the sea monster. Perseus went ahead to change the Polydectes into stone so that he can liberate his mother. As an act of fulfilling the oracle, Perseus visited Argos in order to parti cipate in athletic events. In the event of being ready to throw the disc, the wind swept the disc away and landed into Acrisius killing him almost instantly. In Argos, Perseus claimed his inheritance and later became the king of Argos. However, Perseus felt guilty of killing his grandfather and reigning on his behalf. He decided to exchange kingdoms with Megapenthes of Tiryns. His leadership led to the establishment of two cities, Mycenae and Midea (Greek Mythology Link, (n.d), p.1). Clearly, Perseus was a true hero who defied all odds and killed his grandfather and Gorgon Medusa. In Greece and some parts of Asia and Egypt, many people refer Perseus as a great hero who ever lived. Following his death, the Greek mythology assigned him a place among the stars to reckon his heroism. Perseus can compare with a classical hero. A classical hero aims at something and at the end of it all, accomplishes it. Just like a classical hero, Perseus aimed at wining the golden prizes set out by the king of the island for whoever will bring him the head of Medusa. Like a classical hero, Perseus went through life threatening and bizarrely intimate forces but finally became triumphant. A classical hero aims at personal divinization-apotheosis just like Perseus. For instance, in most cases, there is a plot to kill a classical hero at birth forcing the parents to rear him in a far land. Such heroes meet their death when they are at the peak with enormous sepulchres. Individual characters such as bravery, determination, intrepidity, valor, gallantry, fortitude and sacrifice are few examples, which ignite heroes to perform greater good for all humanity. In the contemporary world, such characteristics make people vigilant and ready to fight for their rights (Raglan, 2003, pp. 2-31). Modern fictional heroes in a way resemble classical heroes. These heroes illustrate protagonist or love interests in the story contrary to prodigious expectations of heroism. Some of these heroes show prow ess in fantasy features such as epic fancy and sorcery instead of issues dominant in the real world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Heroes in History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the modern movie world, heroes prevail at the end no matter the circumstances. Some action movies exhibit invincible heroes who posses phenomenal strength and fortitude. Astonishingly, these heroes are murderers, villains and alluring evildoers in order to gain heroism. However, certain heroic characteristics affect the general outlook of modern life especially when some people opt to kill others gain heroism through genocide and political violence. As for me, I believe that heroism should help people solve the problems affecting them for the greater good of humanity (Hein, 1993, pp. 1299-1302). Perseus Cellina (Guerber, 1895, p.245). Reference List Greek Mythology Link. (n.d). The Myth of Perseus and Medusa. Web. Guer ber, H. (1895). Myths of Greece and Rome. New York: American Book Company. Hein, D. (1993). The Death of Heroes, the Recovery of the Heroic. Christian Century, 110(1), 1299-1302.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hero. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hero Raglan, L. (2003). The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. This research paper on Heroes in History was written and submitted by user Louis Conway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Art History Formal Analysis †Loren Teed (Untitled 1995)

Art History Formal Analysis – Loren Teed (Untitled 1995) Free Online Research Papers Art History Formal Analysis Loren Teed (Untitled 1995) Teed’s brightly coloured abstract painting poses a challenge to any viewer attempting to appropriate it to other abstract still-lifes, for although it is a still- life, it is a still-life in motion. With strong vertical lines, deliberately disjointed horizontals, and mostly organized curves, Teed’s work radiates a feeling of absolute potency that is powerless only to the hands of time. The fascinating spatial and surface arrangement of the piece is what most lends it this untouchable quality. Although there is a centrally located form, the eye is not immediately drawn to it- there exists an odd harmony that forbids the viewer from instantly scrutinizing and mentally highlighting a single form, you are obliged to absorb all the forms as a single solitary body on first impression. The central figures are positioned on a black background. The black does not excessively emphasize the bright forms it encompasses; instead it counterbalances the surrounding mix of vibrant reds, pinks, and verticals. Lack of emphasis on any specific object is imperative to the balance of the entire painting, even though the objects themselves do not appear ‘balanced’. The pink and purple pastel object in the middle, which looks like a coiled-up bunny toy, precariously balances an inconsistent succession of spheres. Two of the spheres are identical in size, but the white on e on the bottom is partially eclipsed by its red counterpart on top. The red sphere demonstrates a technical rarity in Teed’s work; it is the only other obvious case of colour mixing besides the pastel ‘bunny’. The orange highlights accentuate the red ball’s spherical dimensions, giving the three spheres the appearance of mid-air trajectory, as if Teed captured the moment photographically; in motion; but frozen. Despite the lack of formal symmetry and the seemingly arbitrary placement of forms and figures on the canvas, there is still an overall balance to the piece. On the right side of the canvas, a white pedestal supports a blue form that encircles four floating carrot-coloured cube shapes, resembling a wide-mouthed goblet with orange ice-cubes or even a fancy goldfish bowl. Directly below it is an upright tubular shape that resembles a simple vase. So cleanly painted, the vase flawlessly captures the elements of modernist abstraction. Because it partially eclipses the bottom of the white form above it, the vase also adds to the unusual simultaneously atmospheric and linear perspective of the painting. The ‘goblet’ and ‘vase’ on the right side are equally balanced with the tall and thin apparatus form on the far left. The form looks like a chemist’s ring stand, and its back extends all the way to the top, merging with the strong vertical lines of the background behind it in the top left corner. These verticals are balanced by the eclectic melee of black, pink, and red orthogonal lines in the bottom right corner. These endless and seemingly unbounded orthogonal lines and forms are crucial to the painting’s perspective, especially the triangular figure in the top right corner. It appears to be bridging the central black expanse to an object behind it, hidden from the viewer. Teed plays with our assumptions about what ‘line’ implies by carefully keeping patterns entirely away from the black- nowhere in the painting do patterns encounter black, even the body of the red-on-blue splotched triangular bridge form instantly transforms into solid red, and the navy and sky blue stripes in the inside back of the ‘goblet’ object are intercepted by all of its surrounding colours except for black. Teed manipulates the effects of black in a less inconspicuous way by outlining only certain forms By creating only two very strong diagonal lines, Teed successfully forces us to revert our common tendency to register a painting’s middle as its most crucial point. The diagonals radiate from an assumed focal point on the far left that we don’t see- thus, the black surface creates a spotlight-like effect on the forms and objects it accommodates without emphasizing them. With the casual repetition of three green cylinders along the bottom, Teed again adds to the illusory perspective, for although the cylinders are perfectly symmetrical shapes, the cylinder on the far right teeters perilously between coloured precincts, creating more intrigue than interest. Perhaps Teed used the permissive objectivity that indefinite perspective offered his viewers to contrast with the simplicity yet incredible saturation of colours in the painting. The violently clear reds are sobered by the black gravity yet cheered by the arbitrary assembly of varying pinks, oranges, and yellows. A complete lack of shadowing and shading in the piece is remunerated by the strong opposition created between the vertical lines, diagonal lines, and the organic and geometric shapes. In the vertical stripes of the top left, there is a slight disruption in our vision for no apparent reason; the lines tab slightly like the labeling on a folder, but proceed to straighten out once again. The vertical lines also demonstrate Teed’s use of repetition, both obvious and candid, and his exceptional skill in combining them. One of the stripes has a traffic-light repetition of circles. 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International Business Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Business Project - Essay Example Recommendations are given at the end on the viability of the business opportunity. As this project is on identification of a business opportunity for an American consumer product in a foreign country, it will analyze this opportunity for an American burger chain, The Counter, for its custom-made burgers for the leading emerging market country, India. It will discuss the viability of introducing a yet another burger type, distinct with its unlimited variation range. The Counter’s custom-made burgers are a unique concept in the fast-food chains of burgers because their combination range offered to consumers is quite vast – more than 312,000 – to appease to customers’ taste-buds with their endless range of combinations. The concept is very challenging. The idea itself is innovative in the sense that The Counter dares to give a tryst to new delicacies by experimenting. Their menu offers Build Your Own Burgerâ„ ¢ Sheet, with various Market Selection and Signature Burger/Bowl alternatives in their restaurants (The Counter, 2015). Currently, The Counter is operating from North America, Ireland, and Saudi Arabia, offering various reward points to the member customers on their purchases. Considering the appreciative remarks by the GQ magazine, as â€Å"one of the 20 Hamburgers to eat before you die† and â€Å"Best Burger† on OPRAH ®, The Counter is expanding its outlet numbers all across the U.S. It is the right time that expansion happens further in foreign locations as well of this fast food and quick service restaurant chain (The Counter, 2015). Indian food market although boasts of consumers’ localized tastes but people have a liking for trying brands, and love to taste a range of products at various costs irrespective of the fact they can afford it or not. Most of such people belong to middle class. Incidentally, Indians spend nearly 40 percent of their average household income on food and transportation, while

Business to Business Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Business to Business Marketing - Assignment Example Being based in Cambridge, TCL effectively meets the needs of the small and large enterprises around the town. However, as a result of the decreased revenue due to the economic downturn, some of the clients who are outside Cambridge may opt to cut on their traveling expenses. In this regard, it is essential for David and Angela to open more branches in cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, Newcastle, and Liverpool. In this way, TCL will reduce the costs incurred by its clients while traveling to Cambridge. It is also essential for the company to centralize its operations by ensuring that the Designers and Account Executives work in an established office. In this way, the company management will effectively monitor the performance of its employees. In addition, the TCL Company will emulate the culture of teamwork that is vital for the sustainable growth of any organization.  Currently, TCL adopts word-of-mouth as its primary promotion strategy. Even though this strategy has resulted in an increased number of customers, the current economic climate may negatively affect this strategy. This is based on the fact that some of the clients may lack financial ability to emulate the services offered by TCL thus making it difficult to communicate the significance of the services to other potential clients. This means that even though TCL has significantly relied on word-of-mouth in its promotion, the company should adopt social media to promote its products. In this way, it will effectively attract new customers especially those who regularly use social media during their buying process. In addition, the company should improve its website by allocating at least 15% of its revenue to ensure that it can easily communicate with its clients regardless of where they are located. It is also vital for TCL to collaborate with its clients in sponsoring social and cultural events in cities such as Bristol, Portsmouth among others. During such occasions, the company should fix ba nners that depict all the services it offers and their prices.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

International Business - Essay Example Among these is the fact the assumption that the problem with Greece is based on liquidity instead of solvency. While there might be a problem with liquidity in Greece, the problem that is affecting it most is solvency, something that is not being considered. Instead, the IMF and the European Union are treating the crisis as one of liquidity and they have taken steps to counter it as such. This has not helped Greece recover and may, in fact have made the problem worse than it already was. A second issue about how financial markets work that has been ignored is the fact that the Greek debt will be sustainable in the future and that the economy will eventually absorb all the debt that it currently has. What has not been considered is that financial markets do not work well with uncertainties (such as future sustainability) and instead, they only gain confidence if action and their results are seen immediately. The third issue that has come to affect the Greek economy is that its governm ent was given loans way before a plan on how to spend the money given was made. This ensured that there would be a problem with how the money was spent, because it ended up being lost because of unplanned spending. The fourth issue discussed in the article is that fact that while Greece has been promised enough financial support to end its crisis effectively, it has become almost impossible to implement its recovery program because most of the money has yet to be received. Instead, most of the money received has been given in bits and this has made it impossible for the economy to recover. This has made the financial markets wary of taking part in the Greek economy as its future has become uncertain. When one considers the points brought up in the article, one concludes that the Greek financial crisis is something that can be solved if only the people and organizations involved would work faster than they already are to end it. The only way through which this crisis can be solved is if the financial markets can regain the confidence they once had in the Greek economy. The support of these markets would ensure that the flow of money into Greece would become stable and that its liquidity and solvency problems would end. The only way open for the Greek economy to be saved is for all the money that was promised to be made available at once to ensure stability in the financial markets. International monetary systems The article by Jack Ewing discusses the international monetary systems, dealing specifically with the Eurozone, which has for the last few years had to deal with various economic crises. Among these is that fact that many of the countries in this zone have are in either recession or are about to enter one. This has seriously threatened the Euro and until recently, many had even questioned if this monetary system was viable. There had been fears that because of the financial crisis encountered by Greece, then this country would withdraw from the Eurozone , thus leading others into abandoning the currency. However, this was not the case, and in fact, the year 2012 saw a recovery in confidence for this monetary system as it continued to perform well. The countries whose economies were expected to collapse such as Spain and Italy did not turn out as expected despite remaining deep in recession. This encouraged the continued confidence in the Euro and the belief that things would be much worse if this monetary

Organizational Development By Training And Development Management Essay

Organizational Development By Training And Development Management Essay Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style are four of the most important aspects in organizational studies. The focus of current study is to understand the affect of Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style on Organizational performance. The back bone of this study is the secondary data comprised of comprehensive literature review. Four Hypotheses are developed to see the Impact of all the independent variables on the overall Organizational Performance. The Hypotheses show that all these have significant affect on Organizational Performance. These Hypotheses came from the literature review and we have also proved them with the help of literature review. Results show that Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style have significant affect on Organizational Performance and all these have positively affect the Organizational Performance. It means it increases the overal l organizational performance. We also prove our Hypothesis through empirical data. However, results are strongly based on the literature review. KEYWORDS: Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design, Delivery style, Organizational Performance. INTRODUCTION Training has the distinct role in the achievement of an organizational goal by incorporating the Interests of organization and the workforce. Now a days training is the most important factor in the business world because training increases the efficiency and the effectiveness of both employees and the organization. The employee performance depends on various factors. But the most important factor of employee performance is training. Training is important to enhance the capabilities of employees. The employees who have more on the job experience have better performance because there is an increase in the both skills competencies because of more on the job experience .Training also has impact on the return on investment. The organizational performance depends on the employee performance because human resource Capital of organization plays an important role in the growth and the organizational performance. So to improve the organizational performance and the employee performance, training is given to the employee of the organization. Thus the purpose of this study is to show the impact of training and the design of training on the employee performance. Training development increase the employee performance like the researcher said in his research that training development is an important activity to increase the performance of health sector organization .Another researcher said that employee performance is the important factor and the building block which increases the performance of overall organization. Employee performance depends on many factors like job satisfaction, knowledge and management but there is relationship between training and performance .This shows that employee performance is important for the performance of the organization and the and the training and development is beneficial for the employee to improve The main objective of our study is how the training increase the employee performance. Training increase or develop the managerial skills. despite focusing on efficiency and cost control the spending on training should increase because organization get more efficiency , effectiveness out of the training and development .This shows that training increase the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organization. I think people are talking more about performance and results and consequences. They are not necessarily doing more about it. From this it is clear that training and development is the important factor. So the significance of our study is that the training improves performance. Thus the purpose of this study is to show the impact training development on the employee performance. Results are strongly based on the literature review. Results show that Training and Development, On the Job Training and Training Design and Delivery style have significant effect on Organizational Performance and all these have positively affect the Organizational Performance. Training is important for the backbone of every organization and it is also the main resource of the organization. So organizations invest huge amount on the human resource capital because the performance of human resource will ultimately increase the performance of the organization. Performance is a major multidimensional construct a imed to achieve results and has a strong link to strategic goals of an organization .As researcher explains that performance is the key element to achieve the goals of the organization so to performance increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization which is helpful for the achievement of the organizational goals. But the question arise that how an employee can work more effectively and efficiently to increase the growth and the productivity of an organization. There are many factors which improves the work of the employee such as flexible scheduling, training etc. It is very necessary for the organization to design the training very carefully. The design of the training should be according to the needs of the employees. Those organizations which develop a good training design according to the need of the employees as well as to the organization always get good results. It seems that Training design plays a very vital role in the employee as well as organizational per formance. A bad training design is nothing but the loss of time and money. On the job training helps employees to get the knowledge of their job in a better way. It is cost effective and time saving. It is good for organization to give their employees on the job training so that their employees learnt in a practical way. Delivery style is a very important part of Training and Development. Employees are very conscious about the delivery style. If someone is not delivering the training in an impressive style and he is not capturing the attention of the audience it is means he is wasting the time. It is very necessary for a trainer to engage its audience during the training sess. Delivery style means so much in the Training and Development. It is very difficult for an employee to perform well at the job place without any pre-training. Trained employees perform well as compared to untrained employees. It is very necessary for any organization to give its employees training to get overall goals of the organization in a better way. Training and development increase the overall performance of the organization. Although it is costly to give training to the employees but in the long run it give back more than it took. Every organization should develop its employees according to the need of that time so that they could compete with their competitors. LITERATURE REVIEW Human resource is the very important and the People learn from their practical experience much better as compare to bookish knowledge. On the job training reduces cost and saves time. It is better for the organizations to give their employees on the job training because it is employees development and the employee development encourage self-fulfilling skills and abilities of employee, decreased operational costs, limits organizational liabilities and changing goals objectives THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK To implement the study following dependent and independent variables are shown in the theoretical HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT Hypothesis development is very important because acceptance and the rejection of hypothesis show the significance of the study. On the basis of literature review and above theoretical frame work we came to develop following hypothesis. In the training development organizational performance is also affected by the training design. Therefore our first hypothesis is: H1: Training design has significant effect on the organizational performance. To increase the knowledge and skills in the job training is given to the employees therefore our second hypothesis is: H2: On the job training has significant effect on the organizational performance. During training development the delivery style of the person who is giving the training also affects the organizational performance so our third hypothesis is: H3: Delivery style has significant effect on the organizational performance. By combining the above mentioned hypothesis our fourth hypothesis is: H4: Training development has significant effect on the organizational performance. METHODOLOGY The study sample comprised of 100 employees of different organizations of Islamabad, capital of Pakistan. The sample is mixed like both male and female. The data is collected through a questionnaire consists of 15 questions. All questions are close ended questions with the use of a five point Likert scale consisted of strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree. All questionnaires were distributed and collected by hand from the offices of the organizations in the office timings. Ninety five questionnaires were collected after one weak. 95 of them gave the response to our questionnaire. After checking them 79 were found correct and the respond rate was 83%. These 79 questionnaires were included in the study. The analysis of the questionnaire was undertaken using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). All mean and medians were calculated using SPSS. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the independent variables and to conclude the results on the basis of secondary and primary data. Most of the results consist of secondary data. DISCUSSION It is very necessary for the organization to design the training very carefully. The design of the training should be according to the needs of the employees. Those organizations which develop a good training design according to the need of the employees as well as to the organization always get good results. It seems that Training design plays a very vital role in the employee as well as organizational performance. a bad training design is nothing but the loss of time and money . All these results prove our first Hypothesis which is H1: Training design has significant effect on the organizational performance. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. As we see in the table that most of the means are in between the bracket of 4-5 and 3-4, it means that most of our respondents think that Training Design has significant affect on the organizational performance. This also proves our first hypothesis which is; H1: Training design has significant effect on the organizational performance. If we see the z-test value it lies in the critical region. It means the data and the results are significant of our first hypothesis. On the job training helps employees to get the knowledge of their job in a better way. People learn from their practical experience much better as compare to bookish knowledge. On the job training reduces cost and saves time. It is better for the organizations to give their employees on the job training because it is cost effective and time saving. It is good for organization to give their employees on the job training so that their employees learnt in a practical way. All these results prove our second Hypothesis which is H2: On the job training has significant effect on the organizational performance. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. As we see in the table that most of the means are in between the bracket of 4-5 and 3-4, it means that most of our respondents think that On the Job Training has significant affect on the organizational performance. This also proves our second hypothesis which is; H2: O the job training has significant effect on the organizational performance. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. . If we see the z-test value it lies in the critical region. It means the data and the results are significant of our second hypothesis. Delivery style is a very important part of Training and Development. Employees are very conscious about the delivery. If someone is not delivering the training in an impressive style and he is not capturing the attention of the audience it is means he is wasting the time. It is very necessary for a trainer to engage its audience during the training session. Delivery style means so much in the Training and Development. All these results prove our third Hypothesis which is H3: Delivery style has significant effect on the organizational performance. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. As we see the results some of the respondents disagree with the term that Delivery style has a significant effect on organizational performance. But most of the respondents lie between the brackets of 4-5. So if we consider the majority. The majority of our respondents say that delivery style is very important in the training. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. . If we see the z-test value it lies in the critical region. It means the data and the results are significant of our third hypothesis. It is very difficult for an employee to perform well at the job place without any pre-training. Trained employees perform well as compared to untrained employees. It is very necessary for any organization to give its employees training to get overall goals of the organization in a better way. Training and development increase the overall performance of the organization. Although it is costly to give training to the employees but in the long run it give back more than it took. Every organization should develop its employees according to the need of that time so that they could compete with their competitors. All these results prove our fourth Hypothesis which is H4: Training development has significant effect on the organizational performance. And it has a positive effect on the organizational performance. It improves the organizational performance. As we see in the table that most of the means are in between the bracket of 4-5, it means that most of our respondents think that Training and Development has significant affect on the organizational performance. This also proves our fourth hypothesis which is; H4: Training development has significant effect on the organizational performance. . If we see the z-test value it lies in the critical region. It means the data and the results are significant of our fourth hypothesis. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Training and development is very important for an organization to compete with this challenging and changing world. Training and development is basically directly related to employee but its ultimate effect goes to organization because the end user is organization itself. This study will help organization to understand the importance of Training and Development. It will also help organization to understand which factors are important to keep in mind during the training and how a good training can be delivering to their employees. It will help them to understand that it is very necessary for them to give training to their employees so that they could perform the assign task in a better way. RECOMMENDATIONS In this research we review a lot of materials related to the variables used in this research and at the end we also proved our hypotheses. In the light of all this research and all the material which is being used to conduct this research and all the literature review we came to the decision that there should be Training and Development in every organization. Although we have review some disadvantages like it is costly to give training to the employees, but the advantages of Training are much more than its disadvantages which are briefly discussed in this study. We recommend that all organizations should provide Training their employees. We already have discussed that Training and Development have advantages not only for employee but the ultimate benefit is for the organization itself. If the performance of the employee is not good it will affect the whole organization. CONCLUSION Training and Development has positive effect on Organizational Performance. Discussion of all the results proves the hypotheses; H1: Training design has significant effect on the organizational performance, H2: On the job training has significant effect on the organizational performance, H3: Delivery style has significant effect on the organizational performance and H4: Training development has significant effect on the organizational performance. All these have positive effects on the Organizational Performance. It improves the Organizational Performance. On the Job Training is very effective and it also saves time and cost. Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style have significant effect on Organizational Performance and all these have positively affect the Organizational Performance. It means it increases the overall organizational performance. FUTURE STUDY Primary data is not collected; the study only depends on secondary data. Study can be conduct on different departments of the organizations that which department needs more training and development. Study focus on gender can also provide different results and one can conduct a study on different types training and development programs. REFRENCES 1. Stone R J. (2002), Human Resource Management 2nd Edition, Jhon Wiley Sons 2002. 2. Fakhar Ul Afaq, Anwar Khan (2008), Case of Pearl Continental hotels in Pakistan, Relationship of training with Employees Performance in Hoteling Industry. 3. Richard Chang Associates, INC., Measuring the impact of traning, demonstrate the measureable results and return on investment. 4. Iftikhar Ahmad and Siraj ud Din,Gomal Medical College and Gomal University, D.I.Khan,Pakistan(2009),EVALUATING TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 5. Chris Amisano, (2010), eHow contributer Relationship between traning and employee performance. 6. Robart T.Rosti Jr, Frank shipper, (1998), A study of the impact of traning in a management development programm based on 360 feedbacks. 7. Workforce.com, (May 22, 2006), Special report: Traning and Development). Roger Kaufman-FloridaState University Donald Nickels,M.A,(2009), http://blogs.payscale.com/compensation/2009/09/ef fects-of-training-on-employee-performance.html 8. Michael Armstrong. 2000. Understanding training. Human Resource Management Practice. 8th Edition. Kogan page limited, London. pp:543 9. Mark A. Griffin. Andrew Neal.2000. Perceptions of Safety at Work: A Framework for Linking Safety Climate to Safety Performance, Knowledge, and Motivation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology Vol. 5(3), pp:347-358 10. Phillip Seamen .Anita Eves. 2005. The management of food safety-the role of food hygiene training in the UK service sector. International journal of hospitality management Vol. 25(2), pp: 278-296 11. Thomas N. Garavan. 1997. Interpersonal skills training for quality service interactions Industrial and Commercial Training Vol. 29 (3) ,pp:70-77 12. Carlos A. Primo Braga.1995. The Impact of the Internationalization of Services on Developing Countries. Article based on a World Bank report, Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries Washington. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/0396/article s/070396.htm 13. Ginsberg, L.1997. Training for the long haul. Computer Shopper. Vol: 17, p: 4 14. Tsaur, S.H., Lin, Y.C.2004. Promoting service quality in tourist hotels: the role of HRM practices and service behavior, Tourism Management, Vol. 25 pp.471- 15. Flynn, B.B., Schroeder, R.G., Sakakibara, S. 1995. The impact of quality management practices on performance and competitive advantage, Decision Sciences, Vol. 26 pp.659-91 16. Tom Baum. Frances Devine. 2007. Skills and training in the hotel sector: The Case of front office employment in Northern Ireland. Tourism and Hospitality Research Vol: 7, pp: 269-280 17. Shepard, Jon Robert W. Greene. 2003. Sociology and You. Ohio Glencoe McGraw-Hill. 18. Ruth Taylor, Doug Davies. 2004. Aspects of training and remuneration in the accommodation industry. Journal of European Industrial Training. Vol: 28(6), pp:1-2. 19. Partlow, C.G. 1996. Human-resources practices of TQM hotels, Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 37 No.5, pp.67-77 20. Deming, W.E. 1982. Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position, MIT Center for Advanced Engineering, Cambridge, MA.

U-2 Incident :: essays research papers

On May 1, 1960, two weeks prior to the United States-Soviet Summit in Paris, a U-2 high altitude reconnaissance airplane was shot down while flying a spy mission over the Soviet Union. The Eisenhower administration was forced to own up to the mission, and Khrushchev canceled the Paris Summit. As a result, The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union continued for over 30 years. Shortly after the end of World War II, United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the two superpowers. These two former wartime allies found themselves locked in a struggle that came to be known as the Cold War. Eisenhower saw the Cold War in stark moral terms: "This is a war of light against darkness, freedom against slavery, Godliness against atheism." But the President refused to undertake an effort to "roll back" Soviet gains in the years after WW II. Early in his administration he embraced a policy of containment as the cornerstone of his administration's Soviet policy. Eisenhower rejected the notion of a "fortress America" isolated from the rest of the world, safe behind its nuclear shield. He believed that active US engagement in world affairs was the best means of presenting the promise of democracy to nations susceptible to the encroachment of Soviet-sponsored communism. Additionally, Eisenhower maintained that dialogue between the US and the Soviet Union was crucial to the security of the entire globe, even if, in the process, each side was adding to its pile of nuclear weapons. The death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, two months into the Eisenhower presidency, gave rise to hopes of a more flexible, accommodating Soviet leadership. In 1953, Eisenhower delivered a speech underscoring the potential human cost of the Cold War to both sides. Hoping to strike a more compatible tone with Georgi Malenkov, Stalin's successor, Eisenhower suggested the Soviets cease their brazen expansion of territory and influence in exchange for American cooperation and goodwill. The Soviets responded coolly to the speech, especially to the US's insistence on free elections for German unification, self-determination for Eastern Europe, and a Korean armistice. The two sides would not meet face-to-face until the Geneva Summit of 1955. At the Summit, Eisenhower asserted, "I came to Geneva because I believe mankind longs for freedom from war and the rumors of war. I came here because my lasting faith in the decent instincts and good sense of the people who populate this world of ours." In this spirit of good will, Eisenhower presented the Soviets with his Open Skies proposal. In it he proposed that each side provide full descriptions of all their military facilities and allow for aerial inspections to insure the information was correct. The Soviets rejected the proposal.